Scientists have been detecting traces of pharmaceuticals in our water systems for about 30 years now, but the research shows no one is getting a full dose of say, Prozac, just from drinking tap water. However, scientists do wonder whether these compounds may be having more subtle, long-term impacts on human health.
"We don't have an answer to that and there's really no good research out there that says 'yay' or 'nay' at this particular time," said Julie Becker, a public heath researcher at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia.
But scientists are looking for answers.
'A little bit of everything'
At Penn State University, graduate student Alison Franklin and Professor Jack Watson are studying whether the presence of drugs in our water could be contributing to a major public health problem: bacteria that have developed resistance to popular antibiotics.
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"What's going on with micro-organisms that we don't want to thrive in our bodies," Watson wonders, "And are we creating scenarios in which some of those are resistant to antibiotics because they've been exposed to antibiotics for a period of time in a natural environment?"
First, they are trying to figure out how much of these antibiotics are getting into the environment.
At Penn State, treated wastewater from the university's own plant is sent to what's called the "Living Filter" through underground pipelines. There, wastewater is used to irrigate wide, grassy fields and groves of trees. The water trickles down through the soil and eventually makes it into the groundwater that the university community drinks.
That's where researcher Alison Franklin takes regular samples. Back in the lab, she tests the water for the presence of two antibiotics: bactrim - used to treat urinary tract infections - and ofloxacin - a treatment for bronchitis and pneumonia.
"A lot of the medicines, including antibiotics that we take in aren't fully metabolized by our body," Franklin said. "I don't think a lot of people are thinking about [the fact that] we're not throwing [pills] down the toilet, but essentially, it's getting there anyway."
While the long-term effects of having pharmaceutical compounds in our water systems is not known, scientists do know how they end up there. Sometimes people flush their unused drugs down the toilet. According to Becker, research has shown at least 50 percent of some drugs may pass through our bodies and down into sewer pipes and septic systems.
However, wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove pharmaceuticals.
"I learned a long time ago in chemistry there are no zeros," said Joe Swanderski, supervisor for wastewater services and storm water at Penn State. "You're going to have a little bit of everything."
The question is how much of these drugs are making it into our water and does it matter?
Federal study raises new questions about effects on aquatic life
In January, the Environmental Protection Agency published what's considered to be the biggest study on this topic so far.
Biologist Mitch Kostich and his team took samples from 50 large wastewater treatment plants across the U.S. and tested the water for the presence of 56 different drugs. What they found was mostly reassuring.
"You'd have to drink wastewater, which is something nobody drinks," Kostich said. "If you were drinking half a gallon a day over the course of a lifetime, you wouldn't be consuming enough drug residue that way to get one therapeutic dose out. That's the case for most of the drugs."
However, there were some surprising results.
About a dozen of these drugs were found at levels that the researchers suspect could affect fish, bugs and other aquatic species that live in the rivers and streams where treated wastewater is often sent.
Last year, scientists in Sweden found that low-levels of an anti-anxiety drug changed the behavior of fish.
Members of Kostich's team want to examine the impact on these creatures more carefully, but there are scientific limits.
"We can't possibly test every species out there, so it'll always be impossible to completely rule out the possibility of any effect in any organism that way and we have a similar issue with people," Kostich said, noting there is not much evidence to suspect there would be a chronic effect on human health.
It would also be difficult - and possibly unethical - to study whether traces of drugs in the water may have long-term impacts on more vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women or people who are allergic to certain drugs, he added.
Solutions may be found "upstream"
Another question researchers are asking is how to keep pharmaceuticals out of our water systems in the first place.
Most efforts are currently aimed at keeping the public from disposing of unwanted medications by flushing them down the toilet. Three weeks ago, Pennsylvanians turned in 37,715 pounds as part of the federal Drug Enforcement Administration's semi-annual "Drug Take-Back Day."
However, that doesn't address the fact that most pharmaceutical compounds are getting into the water through our bodies after we take them.
For that, public health researcher Julie Becker says we may need to turn "upstream" to the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture our drugs. In Europe, some companies are designing drugs so that the active ingredients stay in our bodies.
"We want to make sure that we absorb more of the drugs, so that when we go ahead and eliminate, we're not eliminating as many drugs," Becker said, noting doctors can also play a role by limiting how much they prescribe at one time.
But these approaches could take years. In the meantime, Becker urges the public to keep things in perspective:
"Let me just be very, very clear: the drinking water is safe."
Even so, Penn State researcher Alison Franklin tries not to think about what's in her water, which she likes extra-filtered.
"That's too detailed for me to be sitting there and just thinking about everything I'm taking in," she said. "I'm trying to think about the big picture."
What to do with your unused or unwanted medications
Twice annually, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration runs a "Drug Take-Back Day" with the help of state police departments. For more information about that program, click here.
But what about the other 363 days of the year? Julie Becker recommends putting the contents into a plastic bag with used coffee grounds, tea leaves or kitty litter and putting it in your garbage can to keep them away from kids or pets. You can also check with your local pharmacy.
