While the last decade of oil and gas development has been largely contained to the shale regions of Pennsylvania, the next phase will tunnel through the midstate.
Company men have been showing up at doorsteps throughout the region, asking for pieces of private property where pipelines can be built.
After 10 years of drilling, shale operators have more natural resources than the infrastructure to deliver it. There's now more supply than demand, and pipeline builders are seizing the opportunity and submitting plans for an underground network to move through Pennsylvania.
"These projects are absolutely crucial, especially given the fact that more than 1,500 wells have been drilled and completed and are awaiting pipeline takeaway access," said David Spigelmyer, president of the Marcellus Shale Coalition, an industry trade group.
Tens of thousands of miles worth of pipeline are proposed for Pennsylvania during the next 10 years, according to state officials.
Some of those projects include:
- Williams Partners' 178-mile Atlantic Sunrise Pipeline will move through 10 counties, including Lancaster and Lebanon, as it carries gas from northeastern Pennsylvania to markets in the Mid-Atlantic and southeastern states. The $3 billion pipeline is expected to be operational by July 2017.
- The Mariner East I pipeline, which previously carried oil, was repurposed to carry gas products. It cost $2.5 billion to make the switch along the 350-mile Sunoco Logistics' pipeline. Last year it began carrying propane through 14 counties in southern Pennsylvania, including several in the midstate.
- The Mariner East II pipeline will also carry gas. The Sunoco Logistics' pipeline will cost $3 billion to build and will span 350 miles when complete. It is expected to be operational in late 2016 and will move along the same path as Mariner East I - through 14 counties in southern Pennsylvania, including several in the midstate.
- Columbia Pipeline Group's Mountaineer Xpress Pipeline will carry natural resources from southwestern Pennsylvania through parts of West Virginia and Ohio. The $2 billion, 165-mile pipeline will move gas through Columbia's existing infrastructure in Pennsylvania and connect with the Mountaineer Xpress in Ohio and West Virginia. It's expected to be in service on Nov. 1, 2018.
- The $1 billion PennEast Pipeline will cover 114 miles in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Construction is slated to begin by Aug. 1, 2016, and it is expected to be in service by Nov. 1, 2017. The pipeline is a partnership among AGL Resources, NJR Pipeline Company, Public Service Enterprise Group, SJI Midstream, Spectra Energy Partners and UGI Energy Services.
- The 124-mile Constitution Pipeline will move from Susquehanna County into parts of New York. The $700 million project is the result of a partnership among Williams Partners, Cabot Oil & Gas, Piedmont Natural Gas and WGL Holdings. It is expected to be operational in late 2016.
- The Leidy Southeast Expansion Project is an addition to Williams' Transco Pipeline. The 30-mile series of loops will move through Columbia, Luzerne, Lycoming and Monroe counties in Pennsylvania and parts of New Jersey. The $738 million line is expected to be in service Dec. 1, 2015.
Pipeline construction is expected to create thousands of jobs, and the natural gas being moved will serve millions of homes.
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What the pipelines won't do is yield tax revenue for Pennsylvania. Unlike surrounding states, the commonwealth does not tax pipelines as property.
The Constitution Pipeline will generate about $13 million in annual property tax revenue throughout four counties in New York. Pennsylvania will not receive any annual property tax revenue from any of the proposed pipelines.
As plans mature, these pipelines are being met with the ire of local landowners and the bureaucracy of state and federal regulatory agencies.
In January, eight people were arrested and more than 30 people protested when Williams began tunneling a path for the Atlantic Sunrise Pipeline on what activists said was sacred Native American land in Lancaster County.
Hundreds of other area residents have shared opposition to pipelines during crowded, heated meetings throughout the midstate.
When residents won't agree to having their land used for pipelines, companies typically exercise eminent domain rights.
Some landowners then take their cause to court. Residents in York County won a case, while others in Cumberland County recently lost.
Late last month, Cumberland County Judge Edward Guido rejected arguments from six landowners and gave Sunoco Logistics its first eminent domain victory.
Landowners said the company's Mariner East II had no eminent domain rights because it did not qualify as an intrastate pipeline, which is required for eminent domain status.
Their attorney, Mike Faherty, said the pipeline stretches into Ohio and West Virginia, making it an interstate pipeline that falls under Federal Energy Regulatory Commission jurisdiction and not the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission. If it's not regulated by the PUC, it's not entitled to public utility corporation status and eminent domain rights.
That argument previously worked in Loper vs Sunoco in April 2014 when York County President Judge Stephen P. Linebaugh ruled that Mariner East II was an interstate line because it crossed into other states and did not have any facilities in Pennsylvania for loading or unloading gas products.
Sunoco Logistics made changes after that ruling.
Now that the pipeline loads and unloads petroleum in the state, it qualifies and meets the definition of a public utility, Guido said in a Sept. 29 decision.
Though negotiations with landowners sometimes end up in court, a Sunoco Logistics spokesman said eminent domain is only used as a last resort.
Despite these court battles, the majority of state residents are welcoming to pipelines, the Marcellus Shale Coalition president said.
"It also cannot be lost on anyone how important pipelines are for our region's building and union trades," Spigelmyer said.
During the next 10 years, Pennsylvania could see 25,000 miles of gathering lines, which connect wells to processing stations and another 4,000 to 5,000 miles of transmission pipelines, state officials said.
In response to the development's impact on the economy and environment, Gov. Tom Wolf in May created the Pipeline Infrastructure Task Force.
"We need to work with the industry to make sure that the positive economic benefits of Pennsylvania's rich natural resources can more quickly be realized in a responsible way. This task force is part of our commitment to seeing the natural gas industry succeed," Wolf said in a press release. The governor was not available for a sit-down interview during the The Shale Bargain series, according to press secretary Jeff Sheridan.
The 48-member task force is chaired by Department of Environmental Protection Secretary John Quigley and includes representatives from various state agencies, the Legislature, oil and gas companies, and environmental groups.
The group has been meeting monthly at DEP's regional office in Harrisburg.
By February, the task force is expected to give Wolf recommendations for best practices in routing the pipelines to avoid or reduce impacts to the environment and communities.
"Through smart planning, Pennsylvania can experience economic prosperity, achieve energy security, and protect the environment and communities," Quigley said.
